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1. DBMS (Database Management System)
DBMS: Software for efficient data storage, retrieval, and management (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL).
ACID:
Atomicity: Transaction must be all or nothing.
Consistency: Valid state transitions only.
Isolation: Independent transaction processing.
Durability: Permanent transaction effects.
2. Normalization
Primary Key: Unique identifier for records.
Foreign Key: Links two tables based on a relationship.
Candidate Key: Potential primary key.
1NF (First Normal Form): Eliminate duplicate columns, ensure atomicity.
2NF (Second Normal Form): Remove partial dependencies (non-key attributes depend on full primary key).
3NF (Third Normal Form): Remove transitive dependencies (non-key attributes depend only on the primary key).
3. Denormalization
Denormalization: Merging tables for read optimization at the cost of write complexity.
4. Types of Databases
Relational (RDBMS): Data stored in tables, SQL used (e.g., MySQL).
NoSQL: For unstructured data (e.g., MongoDB).
5. SQL Queries
SELECT: Retrieve data.
INSERT: Add records.
UPDATE: Modify data.
DELETE: Remove records.
JOINS:
INNER JOIN: Return matching records.
LEFT JOIN: Return all left table records and matched right table records.
RIGHT JOIN: Return all right table records and matched left table records.
FULL JOIN: Return all records from both tables.
GROUP BY: Aggregate data by columns.
HAVING: Apply conditions to groups.
Aggregate Functions: COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX().
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