Glacial processes and deposition on land are called glacioterrestrial. But do you ever wonder how glaciers move and pick up and deposit sediment? In this video, I go over, what a glacier is, how it forms, how it flows, the different types of glaciers, the three main ways till is produced and deposited by glaciers (melt out, lodgement, and deformation till), the landforms glaciers create (troughs, cirques, horns, tarns, aretes, kettles, kames, eskers, drumlins, moraines), and the stratigraphy of glaciotectonized and glacially deposited sediment. Glaciers form from the transformation of snow into firn which ten melts together and refreezes to form glacial ice. The process of glacier formation can take hundreds of years. Glaciers are classified by their morphologies, valley glaciers are those that flow down and carve valleys, piedmont glaciers are those that form a fan shape from flowing into an open area from a valley, and we also go over continental ice sheets, tidewater glaciers, and outlet glaciers. But how do glaciers move or flow? The movement of glaciers is driven by meltwater at their base. The bottom half of glaciers is more ductile than the top because of the pressure it is put under, so it will fold and the top half of the glacier will fracture as the glacier moves. Cold-based glaciers move differently than warm-based glaciers. Cold-based glaciers move by slow internal creep, while warm based glaciers move faster by and are highly erosive. While glaciers move and partially melt and refreeze at their base, they pick up sediment and re-deposit it downstream. Glaciers also scrape the rocks they flow on and through, forming glacial striations and gouges. The deposits laid by glaciers are called till or outwash and create landforms, such as end moraines, lateral moraines, drumlins, kames, roche moutonee, eskers, etc. I close out the video by going over typical glacial stratigraphy and how to recognize ancient glacial environments in the rock record.
References:
Depositional Sedimentary Environments: https://amzn.to/3ta678l
Facies models 4: https://amzn.to/3ysU6Mf
https://www.dkfindout.com/us/earth/glaciers/types-glacier/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumlin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kame
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esker
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine
GEO GIRL Website: https://www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, and donate to support the channel if you'd like!)
0:00 What are glaciers?
1:17 How do glaciers form?
2:59 Glacier classification
3:07 Ice caps & ice sheets
3:27 Valley glaciers
3:59 Outlet glaciers
4:16 Piedmont glaciers
4:51 Tidewater glaciers & icebergs
5:20 How does ice flow?
7:04 Cold-based vs. warm-based glaciers
8:42 Glacial deposition
10:02 Till vs. outwash
10:43 Glacial landforms
12:11 Kame and kettle topography
12:48 Eskers
13:13 Drumlins
13:58 Lateral vs. end moraines
14:33 Erosive glacial landforms
16:26 Glacial stratigraphy
Directly offset your carbon footprint with Wren: https://shrsl.com/3d0t2
Non-textbook books I recommend:
Oxygen by D. Canfield: https://amzn.to/3gffbCL
Brief history of Earth by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/3w3hC1I
Life on young planet by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/2RBMpny
Some assembly required by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3w1Ezm2
Your inner fish by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3cpw3Wb
Oxygen by N. Lane: https://amzn.to/3z4FgwZ
Alien Oceans by K. Hand: https://amzn.to/3clMx1l
Life's Engines: https://amzn.to/3w1Nhke
Tools I use as a geologist/teacher/student:
Geology field notebook: https://amzn.to/3lb6dJf
Geology rock hammer: https://amzn.to/3DZw8MA
Geological compass: https://amzn.to/3hfbdLu
Geological hand lens: https://amzn.to/3jXysM5
Camera: https://amzn.to/3l6fGRT
Image sources:
https://amzn.to/3ysU6Mf
https://news.agu.org/press-release/more-greenland-glaciers-threatened-by-climate-change-than-previously-thought/
https://www.swisseduc.ch/glaciers/glossary/valley-glacier-en.html
https://snowbrains.com/nasa-pollution-not-rising-temperatures-may-have-melted-alpine-glaciers/
https://static.markiza.sk/a501/image/file/21/1776/LemT.ilustracna_snimka_jpg.jpg
https://www.amazon.ca/Facies-Models-Robert-Dalrymple-James/dp/1897095503
https://i.pinimg.com/736x/46/3a/ed/463aed5e959408aff763f771551ef6f2.jpg
http://chubbyrevision.weebly.com/glacial-landforms.html
https://timeforgeography.co.uk/videos_list/glaciation/Aretes/
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/glacialenvironment-141217132908-conversion-gate01/95/glacial-environment-53-638.jpg?cb=1418823979
https://searchmanitoba.weebly.com/landforms.html
https://sites.google.com/site/wickedrocky2015/home/geologic-overview
https://people.uwec.edu/jolhm/Superior2007/TeamC/processes.html
https://geologypics.com/gl-27/
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