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Detailed presentation of the historic confirmation of Einstein's photoelectric formula in the experiment conducted by Robert Millikan. Step into the pivotal moment in physics when Albert Einstein's theory met experimental proof through Millikan's meticulous work, his skepticism turned into one of the most important confirmations in modern science, and why this experiment was crucial for Einstein winning the Nobel Prize.
[Errata]
∘ 00:44 I said "1805" instead of "1905" shown on the screen. My mistake, I wish I could blame my bad pronunciation but I said it wrong.
∘ 01:50 I say "1905" but too fast and it sounds like "1805" again; this was my deteriorated elocution
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"Subtle Is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein," by Abraham Pais https://amzn.to/3UQhgsW
[References]
∘ A. Einstein, "On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Emission and Transformation of Light," Ann. Phys. 17, 132 (1905) https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol2-trans/100
∘ R.A. Millikan, "A Direct Determination of h," Phys. Rev. 7 (3), 355 (1916) https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.7.355
∘ W. Friedrich, P. Knipping, and M. Laue, "Interferenz-Erscheinungen bei Röntgenstrahlen," Classe der K.B. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, 303 (1912)
∘ K.T. Compton and O.W. Richardson, Phil. Mag. (6) 24, 575 (1912)
∘ R.A. Millikan, The Isolation of an Ion, a Measurement of Its Charge, and the Correction of Stokes's Law, Phys. Rev. 32, 349 (1911) https://journals.aps.org/pri/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevSeriesI.32.349
[Credits]
Albert Einstein in 1905, public domain
Wave-particle ambigram by Douglas Hofstadter under CC BY-SA 3.0 Deed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
Photoelectric effect for different wavelengths by MikeRun under CC BY-SA 4.0 Deed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en
Philipp Lenard, public domain
Young interference by Sakurambo, public domain
Polarization lenses by R. Niewiroski Jr. under CC BY 2.5 Deed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/deed.en
Diffraction pattern by Wisky under CC BY-SA 3.0 Deed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
Max Laue, public domain
Bern clock tower, public domain
X-ray diffraction by W. Friedrich, Knipping P, M. Laue, Classe der K.B. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München (1912) https://t.ly/oPbEt
Robert Millikan, public domain
Photoelectric effect by MikeRun under CC BY-SA 4.0 Deed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en
Karl T. Compton, public domain
Arthur H. Compton, public domain
Owe. W. Richardson, public domain
Arthur Hughes, AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives
Early photoelectric experiments, K.T. Compton and O.W. Richardson, Phil. Mag. (6) 24, 575 (1912) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17792421/
Experimental diagram, R.A. Millikan, Phys. Rev. 7 (3), 355 (1916) https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.7.355
Lenard window tube, public domain
Best Personal Tennis Ball Machine by Tennis Spin https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmHwA3a3xII
Albert Michelson, public domain
Michelson interferometer, public domain
Nobel Prize Nomination Archive, Nobel Foundation
Caltech 1922, aereal view, public domain
Caltech Magazine Spring 2021, Caltech
Robert Millikan and Ira Bowen in the cosmic ray laboratory, AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives
Cosmic rays in Popular Science Monthly, July 1928 https://t.ly/i2KXN
1931 International Conference on Nuclear Physics, public domain