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Mitral Valve Prolapse: Etiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Complications
Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) is a condition where the mitral valve leaflets bulge (prolapse) into the left atrium during systole. The etiology of MVP is often idiopathic, but it can be associated with connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and other genetic factors. It is more common in women and can have a familial predisposition. Clinical features of MVP can range from asymptomatic to symptomatic, with common symptoms including palpitations, chest pain, fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath. On auscultation, a mid-systolic click followed by a late systolic murmur, best heard at the apex of the heart, is characteristic. Diagnosis of MVP involves clinical examination and diagnostic tests, primarily the echocardiogram, which provides detailed images of the mitral valve's structure and function. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is useful for identifying associated arrhythmias, while a chest X-ray may show an enlarged left atrium if there is significant mitral regurgitation. Holter monitoring can help detect intermittent arrhythmias in symptomatic patients. Treatment of MVP focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications, which may include beta-blockers for palpitations and chest pain, and lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise and avoiding stimulants. Severe mitral regurgitation may require surgical intervention, such as mitral valve repair or replacement. Complications of MVP can include significant mitral regurgitation, infective endocarditis, arrhythmias, and, in rare cases, sudden cardiac death. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial to prevent complications and improve quality of life. ๐ซ๐๐
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