Vector similarity search can require huge amounts of memory. Indexes containing 1M dense vectors (a small dataset in today’s world) will often require several GBs of memory to store. When building recommendation systems or semantic search engines, this is not acceptable.
The problem of excessive memory usage is exasperated by high-dimensional data, and with ever-increasing dataset sizes, this can very quickly become unmanageable.
Product quantization (PQ) is a popular method for dramatically compressing high-dimensional vectors to use 97% less memory, and for making nearest-neighbor search speeds 5.5x faster in our tests.
A composite IVF+PQ index speeds up the search by another 16.5x without affecting accuracy, for a whopping total speed increase of 92x compared to non-quantized indexes.
🌲 Pinecone article:
https://www.pinecone.io/learn/product-quantization/
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