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The camera flash is one of the oldest and most essential of photographic accessories, making portrait and motion photography possible using early, slow film emulsions. Camera flash technology has evolved considerably over the past 150 years, from magnesium ribbons and flash powder to self-contained flashbulbs to multi-shot flashcubes and flip flashes to the xenon discharge tubes and LED flashes of the present day.
http://www.photomemorabilia.co.uk/Ilford/Flash_History.html
https://www.evilmadscientist.com/2014/flip-flash/
https://web.archive.org/web/20140809215933/http://image.eastmanhouse.org/files/GEH_1955_04_07.pdf
http://www.darklightimagery.net/flashbulbs.html
https://photography.tutsplus.com/articles/a-brief-history-of-photographic-flash--photo-4249
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20140722-the-man-who-froze-the-world
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED130267.pdf
https://www.artpublikamag.com/post/louis-boutan-pioneered-underwater-photography-gave-the-world-its-first-look-deep-beneath-the-sea