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There are a lot of different social structures in the animal world, but how did animals go from solitary to social, let alone from basic interactions to elaborate societies? The small carpenter bee may be just the beast to tackle this bizarre and fundamental evolutionary question.
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Sources:
https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023711
https://www.nature.com/articles/374227a0
https://bugguide.net/node/view/3508
https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Ceratina
https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20m?kind=Ceratina+calcarata
https://bugguide.net/node/view/15027
https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/publications/E-252/E-252.html
https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-90306-4_106-1
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13592-015-0402-x
https://www.sare.org/publications/managing-alternative-pollinators/chapter-three-a-brief-natural-history-of-bees/haplodiploidy/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/ploidy
https://www.honeybeesuite.com/the-spectrum-of-bee-sociality/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080453378003594
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/animals-shrimp-oceans-queens-evolution
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/kin-selection
https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2023.07.005
https://doi.org/10.4039/n09-056
https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/220/23/4456/33702/Effects-of-nutritional-deprivation-on-development
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00265-016-2194-z
http://www.rehanlab.com/uploads/2/1/4/3/21434988/rehan_2020_encyclopedia_of_social_insects_-_small_carpenter_bees.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01804.x
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347214003352
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00040-010-0097-y
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347214003352?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022519364900396
https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/57/3/640/3897162
https://brill.com/view/journals/beh/153/12/article-p1365_1.xml
https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(15)00126-3
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Images:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1A4hzM-q91tRJsm4fE885k7L-dhKVJEGA34kDzLUj4hg/edit?usp=sharing
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